By N. C. Bipindra
China dreams of turning the People’s Liberation Army, or PLA, into a “world-class” military by the end of 2049.
Two out of every ten and seven of the top twenty-five of the world’s largest defense companies are from China. But does high volume necessarily mean a better and more potent armed force?
Military weapons are an important tool for projecting a country’s influence around the world. China has marketed and exported weapons to more than 48 countries during the last six years. In addition to weapons, China has exported private security contractors (PSCs) to protect and serve its interests, such as mining facilities, ports, and Infrastructure projects.
However, over the past few years, China’s arms exports have seemed to decline.
Between 2019 and 2023, Chinese arms exports accounted for 5.8% of total global arms exports. While this statistic looks good, China’s arms exports decreased by about 5.3% from 2014 to 18. China’s market share has also shrunk from 5.6% to 5.2% globally.
Now, most Chinese arms exports (85%) went to states in Asia and Oceania, followed by states in Africa (9.9%). China delivered major arms to 40 states in 2019–23, but well over half of its arms exports (61%) went to just one state—Pakistan.
Spectacular Flops – Major Problems with Made-in-China
China attracts customers for its military equipment and cut-rate pricing and financing, but hidden charges and costs are so profound when the equipment malfunctions.
- Myanmar – Low accuracy of radars on Chinese jets
- Nigeria – Maintenance issues of F-7 Jets (7 out of 9)
- Pakistan – F22 P Frigate facing engine degradation, faulty sensors, Inability of Missile systems to lock onto target
- Bangladesh: Technical issues related to Fighter Jet F-7, short-range air defence systems, and spare parts for K-8 trainers and MBT 200 tanks.
- J-10 Fighter Jet – The J-10, once hailed as a potential game-changer, has failed to impress on multiple fronts. Issues range from engine failures to avionics glitches, leading several countries to abandon deals in favour of more reliable Western aircraft (SIPRI).
- Type 99 Tank – Billed as a competitor to the American M1 Abrams and the Russian T-90, the Type 99 has struggled with mechanical reliability and battlefield effectiveness. Reports of frequent breakdowns have tarnished its reputation, making it a hard sell on the international market.
- Y-8 Transport Aircraft – The Y-8 has been plagued by problems with its avionics and engines. Potential buyers have often found it lacking compared to Western transport aircraft like the C-130 Hercules, which offers better performance and reliability.
- Drones – China’s efforts to produce advanced drones have been unsuccessful. Chinese UAVs often suffer from mechanical issues and operational failures, falling short of the performance standards their American and Israeli counterparts set.
Findings, as per the SIPRI report of April 2024, raise concern about the reliability of Chinese Military Hardware. Key findings of this report include the poor performance of Chinese technology in combat, with a nearly 99% failure rate. These findings suggest many vulnerabilities in China’s Defence sector. Its declining reputation for its weaponry could hinder its efforts and rush to expand its influence. It also decisively causes a dent in its push to be a ‘world-class military.’
But technological inferiority is not the only problem hindering China’s military exports!
Political Barriers – Friends in Low Places
China’s geopolitical stance doesn’t help its arms export ambitions. Many countries are wary of getting too cozy with China due to potential political strings attached. This wariness is particularly pronounced in regions like the Middle East and Africa, where China’s influence is still budding and often viewed with suspicion.
For instance, despite aggressive marketing, Chinese arms haven’t made significant inroads in these regions compared to Western suppliers. Countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt continue to favour American and European weapons, citing superior technology and established defence relationships.
Competition from Western Manufacturers – The Big Leagues
Entering the global arms market is akin to joining an exclusive club where the US, Russia, France, and Germany are the VIPs. These countries have a longstanding reputation for producing reliable, advanced military hardware. China, relatively new to this high-stakes game, finds itself outmatched.
Western manufacturers offer cutting-edge technology, comprehensive support systems, and proven combat effectiveness. This gives them a significant edge over Chinese products, often considered cheaper but less reliable alternatives. For example, the F-16 fighter jet, a mainstay of the US Air Force, is a preferred choice over the J-10 for many nations due to its proven track record and robust support network.
Strategic Setback for Chinese Dream
China’s defense export woes have broader implications for its geopolitical ambitions. The strategy of using arms sales to build influence and secure alliances is faltering. Countries that were once potential buyers are now wary, turning instead to Western suppliers.
This shift impacts China’s economic goals and strategic position on the global stage. China needs to address the core issues of quality and reliability in its defense manufacturing to regain its footing. Until then, ‘Made in China’ will continue to be a red flag for many in the market for military hardware.
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